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Essays and readings

Essays on philosophy, theology, Church history and the classics, written with the same philosophical-Christian lens as our lessons. By John Wanzer.

Quotes

Quotes from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar

From "Et tu, Brute?" to the "noblest Roman of all": the phrases that remained from the tragedy, translated and with their context in the play.

History and literature

Is "Et tu, Brute" historical?

The phrase that everyone knows does not appear in ancient sources. What Suetonius and Plutarch really tell about Caesar's death, and what is fiction.

Cultural trips

The Temple of Divine Julius in Rome

In the Roman Forum, over the place where Caesar's body was cremated, fresh flowers still appear two thousand years later. The myth that conquered death.

Cultural trips

Where Caesar died, in Rome

It wasn't in the Capitol of legend. Caesar fell into Pompey's Curia, now below street level and inhabited by cats, in the heart of Rome.

Philosophy and logic

Mark Antony's speech

Friends, Romans, compatriots. How Antony destroys Brutus using his own words, and why emotion overcame reason before the people.

Greek philosophy

What is hubris in tragedy

The excess that precedes the fall. The Greek concept of hybris is the first warning of the tragedy, when Caesar begins to speak about himself in the third person.

Philosophy

What is preventive tyrannicide

Killing to stop an evil that does not yet exist. The ethical dilemma that sustains Julius Caesar and did not die in 44 BC.

Philosophy

The Stoics, suicide and freedom

Every slave has in his own hands the power to extirpate his captivity. How the Stoics viewed voluntary death, and what this decides in Caesar's tragedy.

History and literature

Who was Julius Caesar

The historical man behind the play: the general-turned-god whose death did not save the Republic but founded the Empire the conspirators feared.

Comparative literature

The three traitors chewed by Lucifer

In the ninth circle of Hell, Lucifer has three mouths and in each one he crushes a traitor. Why Judas, Brutus, and Cassius, and Shakespeare's opposite verdict.

Philosophy

Stoicism and Epicureanism: the difference

One seeks virtue; the other, the absence of disturbance. The two great schools of good life in Antiquity, and what separates one from the other in practice.

Literature and politics

Julius Caesar, by Shakespeare: summary and analysis

The play does not tell the fall of a tyrant, but the crime of honorable men who kill for an ideal. The question she leaves without an easy answer.

Literature and philosophy

Existential anguish and loneliness in Pequeno Príncipe

The desert that opens the work is a spiritual desert. How the Little Prince goes through loneliness and anguish with Kierkegaard and Camus in the background.

Literature and philosophy

Instrumental rationality in Pequeno Príncipe

The businessman who has stars and the geographer who has never seen an ocean: how the work criticizes the reason that only knows how to measure, count and possess.

Literature and philosophy

What does the snake mean in the Little Prince

The figure who speaks in riddles divides readers. The snake is not the villain of the story: it is death as a bridge, the passage back to the essential.

Literature and philosophy

The 7 planets and the 7 deadly sins

Many readers associate the Little Prince's planets with the seven deadly sins. Where the parallel works, where it breaks and what it reveals.

Literature and philosophy

Alienation in Pequeno Príncipe

The vain man and the drunk are two portraits of alienation: living from the eyes of others and running away from oneself. How the work anticipates the modern mirror prison.

Literature and philosophy

The rose and the fox: love and friendship in Pequeno Príncipe

The rose is love with all its contradictions; the fox, friendship as a choice. The two columns of the spiritual crossing of the Little Prince.

Literature and philosophy

The essential is invisible to the eye: what does it mean

The most quoted phrase in the work is not a beautiful verse, it is the key that opens the entire book. What it means to see with the heart.

Literature and philosophy

The Little Prince: summary and analysis

A tale that seems childish and is, in fact, a treatise on the soul: the crossing of the seven planets towards the essential that can only be seen with the heart.

Literature and philosophy

Captivate: what it means in Pequeno Príncipe

"Captivating means creating bonds." The lesson of the fox and the most powerful ethical statement in the work: we are responsible for what we captivate.

Literature and philosophy

The 7 planets of the Little Prince and what they mean

Each planet visited by the Little Prince contains a vice of the adult soul. A map of the work's logic, from the king to planet Earth.

Literature and philosophy

Who was Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

The French aviator who transformed the experience of flight and the desert into one of the most read works in the world. Who was the author of the Little Prince?

Greek philosophy

Act and Potency, in Aristotle

How Aristotle explains change without denying that something remains, and how Saint Thomas Aquinas takes the idea to Christian theology.

Greek philosophy

Heraclitus x Parmenides: does Being change or is it immobile?

The oldest debate in Western philosophy, between the philosopher of flow and the philosopher of eternal and immobile Being.

Greek philosophy

What is Aristotle's Hexis

Virtue is not a state that is possessed once, it is a character forged by repeated practice, day after day.

Greek philosophy

What is Aristotle's Hylemorphism?

Aristotle's answer to how change is possible without destroying the identity of things.

Greek philosophy

What is Panta Rhei

Heraclitus' Greek expression for "everything flows", and because this constant change has an order, it is not chaos.

Greek philosophy

What does "no one enters the same river twice" mean?

Heraclitus's most famous fragment, and how his disciple Cratylus took it even further.

Greek philosophy

Heraclitus: No One Enters the Same River Twice

From the fragment of the river to the confrontation with Parmenides, and from change as chaos to change as growth, with Aristotle and Saint Thomas Aquinas.